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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

brain --- language --- EEG --- neurolinguistic --- psycholinguistic --- embodied cognition

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General anesthesia is a standard medical procedure in today's hospital practice. Although in most cases the administration of anesthetics does not affect severely the patients health, side effects of anesthesia are well-known, such as nausea or cognitive impairment. Moreover 1-2 out of 1000 patients under surgery report a partial wake up from anesthesia during the operation. The reason for such a partial lack of control of depth of anesthesia is that medical procedures are highly optimized based on experience but the neural dynamics during general anesthesia is far from being understood. One reason for this lack of understanding is both the complex neural interactions of neurons on different spatial and temporal scales and the poorly understood action of anesthetics on neural populations. For instance, anesthetic agents act on synaptic receptors on a microscopic scale essentially evoking a macroscopic change of population activity, such as Local Field Potentials, EEG/MEG or resulting change of cerebral blood flow. This population effect then triggers the loss of consciousness in patients. This Research Topic aims to address recent theoretical and experimental advances in the field. The theoretical and experimental studies represent a good overview over the current state of research in the field and provides a deeper insight into the underlying neural mechanisms. Each article in the issue focusses on a specific current research topic in general anesthesia research and several articles introduce to the topic in a pedagogical way. The issue covers various types of anaesthesia and the most important topics in the field, such as (but not limited to) recent advances in theoretical models and states of consciousness reflected in experimental data, the connectivity changes observed during anesthesia or effects of specific drugs on brain activity. The introduction style of the papers facilitates the reader to understand the background of the research aspect and even allows readers not familiar with general anesthesia research to enter the research domain. Hence the Research Topic aims to provide on one hand an overview of the current state of the art and on the other hand a good starting point for new researchers in the field.

functional connectivity --- Consciousness --- coherence --- EEG --- Burst-suppression

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

autism --- clinical trials --- EEG --- MRI --- imaging

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It is now well established that sleep and wakefulness are locally regulated. In fact, typical sleep hallmarks, such as slow waves and spindles, display a clear regional modulation based on maturational and experience-dependent brain plasticity. Of note, these regional changes have been suggested to reflect the off-line processing and transformation of wake-dependent brain modifications, in line with a direct involvement of sleep in learning and memory consolidation. In addition, recent work showed that islands of wakefulness and sleep may often coexist in the same individual. Indeed, the incidence of local sleep-like episodes during wakefulness increases following sleep restriction or deprivation, but also as a consequence of the reiterated or extended ‘use’ of task-related brain areas. Such sleep-like activity seems to represent an index of ‘functional fatigue’ and may have a significant impact on behavior and cognition. On the other hand, local wake-like activity may occur during sleep and has been suggested to be involved in the generation and characterization of dream experiences. Finally, alterations in the balance between local aspects of sleep and wakefulness may contribute to explain symptoms commonly attributed to many sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleepwalking. However, preliminary evidence has also pointed to their potential involvement in neurological (e.g., stroke) and psychiatric (e.g., major depression) pathological conditions. This Research Topic collects articles related to the investigation and characterization of local aspects of sleep and wakefulness.

Local sleep --- hd-EEG --- MEG --- fMRI-EEG --- Sleep --- K-complex --- Slow Wave --- sleep spindle --- connectivity --- plasticity --- Disconnection

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Electroencephalography. --- Alzheimer's disease --- Diagnosis. --- EEG --- Encephalography --- Brain --- Electrodiagnosis --- Electrophysiology --- Visual evoked response --- Diseases --- Diagnosis